PEMBENTUKAN
KALIMAT DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS
Bagaimanakah bentuk kalimat dalam bahasa
Inggris? Dalam diagram akan terlihat pola kalimat sedederhana atau simple sentence dalam bahasa Inggris.
Terdapatlah dalam bahasa Inggris, jenis
kalimat yang universal dengan jenis kalimat : Kalimat berita atau statement, kalimat Tanya atau question, kalimat perintah atau command dan kalimat seru atau exclamation.
Dalam diagram 1 di bawah ini terlihat
susunan dan urutan unsur kalimat berita bentuk sederhana atau simple sentence.
Unsur yang ada di dalam diagram ialah :
S Singkatan untuk kata SUBJECT.
V singkatan untuk kata kerja
atau VERB, yang menunjukan TENSE,
Tense ini mencakup PRESENT, PAST, PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT, FUTURE,
CONTINUOUS TENSE, dan TENSE yang menyatakan PASSIVE VOICE.
O singkatan untuk kata obyek
atau OBJECT.
A singkatan untuk kata
keterangan atau ADVERBIAL, yang
menyatakan keterangan waktu, tempat,
atau cara.
C singkatan untuk kata pelengkap atau COMPLEMENT.
SIMPLE SENTENCE
S + V = I study
S + V + A = He went to Bali
S + V + C = I am a student.
S + V + O = She sends a letter.
S + V + Oi + Od = She sends me a letter/
She sends a letter to me.
S + V + O + C = She makes me happy.
S + V + O + A = I met her last night.
Dari diagram disimpulkan bahwa sebuah kalimat sederhana, simple sentence, membentuk satu klausa
yang mempunyai unsur unsur S, V, A/O/C. Unsur Oi berarti indirect object Od berarti direct
object. Urutan unsure tersebut tidak selalu ditempatkan menurut pola
kalimat apabila kalimat dimulai dengan kata penyangkal not atau negative opening.
Contohnya :
Never have l seen such a naughty boy. Never
(not ever)
Not only did he beat her, but also………
Apabila kalimat dimulai dengan keterangan
tempat maka urutan untuk kalimat tidak ditempatkan menurut pola kalimat tersebut.
Contoh :
Near the door lay a dog.
Dalam contoh kalimat tersebut di atas
terdapat suatu inverse atau inversion
dengan unsur V sebelum S.
Bagaimanakah bentuk kalimat Tanya, question?
Jenis kalimat in mempunyai urutan unsur .V1 + S + V . Unsur V1 adalah singkatan untuk
kata kerja bantu atau auxiliary.
Contoh kalimat Tanya (question ):
Will you play ?
Do you play ?
V1 + S + V
Dalam kalimat Tanya sering kata Tanya
(question word) WHAT. WHERE, WHY, HOW.
Digunakan sebagai kata yang memulai kalimat tersebut.
Contohnya.:
What do you buy ?
When will you play football?
Why are you crying?
How will you solve the problem?
Penggunaan WHO/WHICH yang juga dalam kalimat Tanya sering
berpungsi sebagai Subject atau Object.
Apabila WHO/WHICH menjadi Subject dalam
kalimat Tanya maka penggunaan kata kerja adalah demikian.
Contoh :
Who teaches you English?
Which comes first(mana yang lebih dahulu).
Kata WHO/WHICH sebagai Object mempunyai
pola kalimat Tanya seperti biasa. V1 + S + V.
Contohnya:
Whom do you teach English?
Which did you choose?
Bagaimana jenis kalimat perintah atau command dalam bahasa Inggris?
Kalimat perintah ini dibentuk dengan
pemakaian kata kerja kesatu dan disertakan tanda baca seru (!)
Contoh :
Go !
Don’t go
Jenis kalimat seru atau exclamation
merupakan kumpulan kata yang menyatakan hati atau emosi; dalam hal ini sering
unsur V tidak digunakan.
Contohnya:
Hello dear !
What a lovely day !
Apabila unsur V digunakan maka urutan unsur kalimatnya sederhana, S +
V.
Contoh :
How beautiful you
are ! (betapa cantiknya kamu)
How nice you are !
Tapi kalau diurutkan seperti kalimat Tanya
pengertiannya jadi lain. “How beautiful are you?” (seberapakah kecantikanmu?”
KLAUSA (CLAUSE)
Dalam diagram yang telah ditulis di atas
tadi. Struktur sebuah kalimat sederhana (simple sentence) yang juga merupakan
bentuk sebuah klausa . Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa klausa itu memiliki unsur;
S + V + O/A/C atau S + V dengan kombinasi OS/OC/OO.
Dalam penyusunan sebuah cerita maka terdapat kalimat-kalimat yang
dihubungkan menjadi sebuah alinea (paragraph). Pembentukan kalimat dapat
terdiri atas kalimat sederhana atau
kalimat komplek (complex sentence atau
compound sentence).
Bagaimanakah sebuah kalimat komplek
(compound sentence) itu dibuat?
Compound
Sentence terdiri atas dua kalimat sederhana yang
digabung dengan kata sandang (conjunction): “and”, “or”, “but”.
Contohnya:
The boys ran away. The child stopped
crying.
The boys ran away and the child stopped crying.
He is a millionaire. He is very stingy.
He is a millionaire but he is very stingy.
DIAGRAM : COMPOUND SENTENCE
COMPOUND SENTENCE
I
2
CLAUSES
I
1.MAIN CLAUSE
CONJUNCTION
1.MAIN CLAUSE
THE BOYS RAN AWAY
AND
THE CHILD STOPPED CRYING
Main clause berarti klausa yang dapat
berdiri sendiri dan memberikan pengertian penuh (100%). Pengertiannya sudah
jelas.
COMPLEX
SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE. Yang
pula terdiri dari 2 clauses, salah satu klausa merupakan SUB CLAUSE. Karena pengertiannya belum sempurna, karena kata
sambung yang digunakan dalam kalimat.
Contoh complex
sentence :
The kitchen was on fire. I came home.
The kitchen was on fire when I came home.
Kata sambung WHEN dalam clausa WHEN I CAME HOME tidak memberikan pengertian
sepenuhnya. Klausa tersebut harus disertai dengan klausa lain, sehingga
kalimatnya dapat dimengerti.
Contoh lain:
He couldn’t come because he was ill.
DIAGRAM : COMPLEX SENTENCE.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
I
2 CLAUSES
1.MAIN CLAUSE / CONJUNCTION 1.SUB
CLAUSE/
SUB CLAUSE
MAIN CLAUSE
THE KITCHEN WAS ON FIRE WHEN
I CAME HOME
WHEN I CAME HOME
THE KITCHEN WAS ON FIRE.
He failed in his examination, although he
had studied hard.
He didn’t go to school, because he was ill.
The student worked so hard, that he lost
his eyesight
Sub clause ini dikenal pula sebagai
ADVERBIAL clause atau SUB-ORDINATE
CLAUSE.
Bentuk klause lain ialah. Noun clause ini
berpongsi sebagai S + V + C. dalam kalimat.
Contoh:
What he said is not true.( what he
said=subject. Is= verb. Not true= complement.
Jenis klausa lain ialah ADJECTIVE CLAUSA.
Jenis ini sering digunakan untuk memperluas kata dan ditempatkan setelah benda.
Klausa ini dapat ditulis sebagai keterangan tambahan dari sebuah S + C + O.
Kata yang khusus menunjukan adjective clause adalah : WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, THAT , WHICH, WHEN, WHERE,. Kata, WHICH dan THAT merujuk sebuah kata benda atau noun.
Kata WHO, WHOM, WHOSE merujuk kepada orang dan where merujuk kepada tempat,
WHEN kepada waktu. Dapat pula ditambahkan bahwa THAT dapat pula digunakan untuk
merujuk orang.
Beberapa contoh dari ADJECTIVE CLAUSE:
The boy who came here last night is my
nephew.
The little girl whose mother died yesterday
is still crying now.
The boy whom I gave a special reward is a
clever student.
The boy that came here last night is my
nephew.
The radio which I bought last year is out of
order.
This is the place where I was born.
The time when I met her was wonderful day.
Jenis clause adverbial yang juga disebut
Sub/Subordinate clause merupakan klausa yang terdapat dalam kalimat COMPLEXS.
VERBAL
Bentuk verbal yang merupakan kesukaran dalam
pengertian akan dibahas sejelas mungkin. Bentuk ini merupakan pula bentuk kata
yang terdapat dalam phrases, yang ada dalam komponen ketiga atau kedua dari
mikro structure.
Bentuk verbal ini berasal dari kata dasar
(INFINITIVE) dan bukan merupakan unsure verb. Salah satu bentuk verbal ING
merupakan unsur verb apabila disertai dengan kata kerja BE dengan bentuk tense.
Kata
yang tergolong VERBAL
a)
|
PRESENT
PARTICIPLE dengan bentuk V + ING
|
I am playing: bentuk playing
adalah bentuk PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
The boys going to sumatera got an accident.
Kata going merupakan
PRESENT PARTICIPLE (bukan v element
): sedangkan got adalah elemen V dalam klalimat tersebut.
b)
|
PAST
PARTICIPLE dengan bentuk V + ed/d (lih. Regular
Verb/irregular Verb )
|
He has played the moonlight sonata; bentuk played merupakan PAST PARTICIPLE, akan
tetapi dalam kalimat tersebut merupakan V elemen.
This song played by the
schoolboys are beautiful; bentuk played adalah Past PARETICIPLE dan tidak
berfungsi V.
c)
|
GERUND dengan bentuk V + ING
|
Smoking
is a bad habit; kata smoking berfungsi
sebagai S dan tidak menyatakan elemen V.
I
like reading novels; disini kata reading berfungsi sebagai elemen O bukan
elemen V.
d)
|
INVINITIVE + TO
|
I
like to smoke cigars.
He
wants to buy some vegetables.
Dari
contoh diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa VERBAL merupakan bentuk kata kerja yang
tidak berfungsi sebagai unsure V.
Bentuk
PRESENT PARTICIPLE sering terdapat
dalam permulaan kalimat sebagai introductory
phrase, misalnya :
|
By doing this,
|
We
cannot come to the conclusion
|
After climbing the hills for hours,
|
We
got tired.
|
By passing the
steam through the pipe,
|
The
motor started to move.
Sebagai kata sifat bentuk PRESENT
PARTICIPLE diletakan sebelum kata benda, misalnya :
The quarrelling boys
Went away
The
running
water Is full fish
The flying kites are high in the sky.
Bentuk ini pula
terdapat di belakang kata benda dan membentuk sebuah phrase dengan kata lain
(lihat pengluasan kata).
The boys going to sumatera got an accident
The boys quarrelling about the book left the room.
The kittens playing in the garden are mine.
Bentuk PAST
PARTICIPLE juga berfungsi sebagai kata sifat dan ditempatkan di depan kata
benda, misalnya:
The published
documents were stolen.
The written reports were not so good.
The calculated estimate of the expense of the
congress is sub mitted.
Seperti halnya
dengan present participle, past participle juga dapat ditempatkan dibelakang
kata benda, misalnya:
The
documents published by the university press
were stolen yesterday.
The poems written
by Dryden are beautiful.
The expense calculated by the architect is about four million.
Bentuk GERUND
dapat ditempatkan sebagai :
SUBJECT : Walking is very healthy.
Smoking is a bad habit
Reading novels is her hobby
OBJECT :
I like reading
novels.
They enjoy
travelling through the
country.
I like
drinking coffee without milk.
COMPLEMENT : That
is cleaning the floor.
This is decorating the room in a proper way.
That is gardening which you should follow.
Setelah “
PREPOSITION : I am looking forward to receiving your letter.
I
often dream of going to Spain.
We
are accustomed to getting up so early.
Setelah kata
kerja : I enjoyed reading novels.
He started working in the factory.
She stopped
smoking cigarettes.
Bentuk
INFINITIFE digunakan sebagai unsure S.
O. C. misalnya.
SUBJECT : To walk in such a bad weather is not wise.
To smoke cigar is his hobby.
To swim is healthy.
OBJECT : I want to smoke cigars.
He
likes to go to Bali in
the vacation.
We
panned to build the house on the hillside.
COMPLEMENT : That is to say
malversation.
It seems to be wrong.
It is likely to rain.
Diagram :
verbals.
|
BENTUK VERBAL
|
FUNGSI
|
TEMPAT
|
|
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
|
ADJECTIVE
|
di depan kata
benda
Di belakang kata benda
Di awal kalimat
|
|
PAST PARTICIPLE
|
ADJECTIVE
|
didepan kata benda
Di belakang kata benda
Di awal kalimat
|
|
GERUND
|
SUBJECT
OBJECT
OBJECT COMPLEMENT
|
di awal kalimat
setelah kata
kerja tertentu setelah kata kerja (link verb) Setelah kata depan
|
|
NFINITIVE
|
SUBJECT
OBJECT
COMPLEMENT
|
di awal kalimat
setelah kata
kerja
setelah link
verb (be dsb)
|
KATA (jenis dan fungsi )
Untuk mengenak
jenis kata yang dipakai sebagai unsure S/V/A/O/C. maka perlu sekali dianalisis
jenis kata sehingga kata dapat digunakan secara tepat. Hal ini diperlukan untuk
membuat kalimat.
Jenis kata apakah
yang dapat digunakan sebagai unsure S.
Biasanya kata ganti orang (personal pronoun) dan kata ganti
orang yang menyatakan pengertian kepunyaan (possessive pronoun), kata
benda, kata verbal dan pula bentuk klausa . Di samping itu dapat juga di
gunakan bentuk klausa (noun
clause).
SUBJECT : Jenis kata ganti
orang (personal pronoun) :
I am a student.
He is studying English.
You are lazy.
JENIS POSSESSIVE PRONOUN :
My house is over there.
Your car is parked in the garage.
Her mother is an engineer
Which is yours
?
Mine is the yellow one
His is the black one
JENIS KATA BENDA (NOUN):
The building
on the hillside is recently destroyed.
The lecturer
is absent.
The idea of
going to the beach was approved unanimously.
JENIS KATA VERBAL (GERUND)
:
Walking is healthy.
Smoking is bad habit.
Reading novels is his hobby.
BENTUK CLAUSA ( NOUN CLAUSE) :
Where the
science building will be erected is not yet
known.
I don’t know what
your name is.
Unsur O juga , menggunakan kata dan klausa
yang sama seperti untuk unsur S.
OBJECT :
I saw her in the room.
You hit him
with a stick.
They saw you
in the campus.
JENIS KATA POSSESSIVE PRONOUN :
He sold his
car.
I painted my
room.
You bought her
motorcycle.
JENIS KATA BENDA.:
He built the bridge.
I agree with
their plans.
They bought an
electric organ.
JENIS KATA VERBAL :
He likes smoking
cigars.
She enjoys reading
novels.
(INFINITIVE):
I want to go
to Bali.
BENTUK KLAUSA (NOUN CLAUSE):
He explained that
nuclear engineering was a branch of engineering that dealt with the process
resulting from the break-up of some particles of matter.
COMPLEMENT : Jenis kata
bentuk klausa yang sama seperti untuk S.
Jenis kata possessive pronoun :
That is my
book.
It is his
car
This is her radio.
Jenis kata benda :
It is
a bridge.
That is an old building.
This is his
ideal.
Jenis kata verbal :
That is practicing
the piano.
“That is gardening,” one would say.
“This is decorating, what you mean,” He said.
Bentuk
clause :
This is what
jenny told us.
It is what
you have to do.
That is what
you have missed.
DIAGRAM : JENIS KATA.
Unsur klausa Jenis
kata dan bentuk klausa
SUBJECT Noun
Personal
pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Verbal
Clause
OBJECT Noun
Personal pronoun
Possessive
pronoun
Verbal
Clause
COMPLEMENT Noun
Personal pronoun
Possessive pronoun
Verbal
Clause
KATA BENDA MAJEMUK (COMPOUND
NOUN)
Dalam bahasa
Inggris kata benda (noun) di dahului
dengan kata sifat atau kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat.
Kata benda yang
menerangkan kata benda lagi. :
A gas turbine = a turbine
driven by bus.
A turbine gas = a kind of
gas (gas which drives the turbine).
Paraffin wax = wax consisting heavy wax paraffins.
A bitumen surface = a
surface made of bitumen.
Fuel oil = Oil used as a
fuel.
Water bottle = bottle used
as a container for water.
Turbine rotors = rotors of the turbine.
Heat removal = removal of
heat.
Wheat production = the
production of wheat.
Glass bottle = a bottle made
of glass.
Lead pipes = pipes made of
lead.
Oil tanker = tanker for
transporting oil.
Storage tanks = tanks used
for storage.
Battery terminals = terminals
of the battery.
Oil consumption = the
consumption of oil.
Electricity generation = the
generation of electricity.
Melihat kata
benda yang disertai dengan keterangan benda maka pengertian dari bentuk kata benda tersebut diterjemahkan dengan
pengertian kata benda yang diletakan pada posisi akhir, jadi kata “water
bottle” diterjemahkan “botol air”, “oil consumtion” diterjemahkan “konsumsi
minyak”.
Beberapa kata
keterangan yang disertai dengan tanda- (hyphen).
Tanda – digunakan
untuk menggabungkan kata yang menunjukan hubungan erat.
Cylinder-head
design = design of cylinder heads.
Solid-state
physics = the physics of the solid state.
A diesel –
powered electricity generating station = a station which generates electricity
and which is powered by diesel engines.
Terjemahan
dalam bahasa Indonesia : stasiun pembangkit tenaga listrik yang dibangkitkan
dengan diesel.
A water- cooled
stainless- steel condenser = a condenser made of stainless steel and cooled by
water
Magnetic energy – storage devices = magnetic devices
for storing energy.
Tanda – (hyphen)
digunakan untuk menghindari keragu raguan. :
A small car
factory = a small factory for making cars.
A small car
- factory = a factory for making small
cars.
A heavy oil -
storage tank = a storage tank for heavy oil.
A heavy oil
storage tank = a heavy tank which stores oil.
Demikianlah
pengertian kata benda sering digunakan dalam penulisan ilmiah di dalam
textbook. Kata sambung because, since dan as
sering membingungkan dalam penterjemahan.
Kata BECAUSE, SINCE, AS. :
Lihat kalimat di
bawah ini.
The ground was
very soft. Therefore the pile sank.
CAUSE: The ground was very soft. EFFECT : The pile sank.
Kedua kalimat
bias dinyatakan demikian :
·
The ground was so soft that the
pile sank. CAUSE (penyebab) di nyatakan dalam main clause, dan EFFECT dalam SUB CLAUSE.
·
The pile sank as the ground was very soft. EFFECT
dinyatakan dalam MAIN clause, dan SAUSE dalam SUB Clause. Kata AS tidak
diterjemahkan “seperti” atau “semenjak” akan tetapi, “karena”.
Dalam kalimat
lain nya :
There was an
error in the program, so the computer rejected it. Atau:
There was an
error in the program with the result that the computer rejected it. Atau :
The computer
rejected the program , because there was an error in it.
ORDER OF ADJECTIVES
X : Which is your
house ?
Y : The nice
little red stone house is mine.
X : Which is his
book ?
Y : The good
small green book is his.
Penjelasan
Jika sebuah kata
benda didahului oleh lebih dari satu kata sifat, maka semua kata sifat tersebut
diletakan sesuai dengan urutan yang disebut di bawah ini.
DETERMINER
1.Articles/Possessive/Demonstrative :
a,an,the/,my,your,her,his,our,their,/this,that.
2. Ordinal : first,second,third,only,some,
3. Cardinal Enumerator : two , three,
another, several, a lot of,
4. Descriptive adjective : interesting,
boring beautiful, pretty, ugly, handsome, clever, etc.
5. Size : big, small, little, short, tall,
wide, narrow, etc.
6. Age temperature : old, young, new, cold
hot warm, modern, etc.
7. Shape : round, square, oblong, slim,
etc.
8. color : red, yellow, white, black,
blue, green, etc,
9. Material: iron stone, paper, brick,
wood, gold, etc
10. Head
word : car book, man, woman, girl, etc.
Answer the
following questions. Put the adjectives
in the correct order.
Example : He
bought a book. The book is red. It is interesting. It is small. What did he
buy?
He bought an interesting
small red book.
She loves a man. He is tall.
He is white. He is young. He is handsome. He is Australian.
Whom does she love?
She loves a handsome tall
young white Australian man.
1. She has three children. They are tall. They are fat.
Which
children are hers ?
2. Bella has a house. It is made
of wood. It is beautiful. It is new.
What
does Bella have ?
3. Helma is carrying an umbrella. It is blue. It is nice. It is made of
cloth.
What
is Helma carrying?
4. Maya bought a car. It is made in Japan. It is apple green. It is
new. It is small. It is beautiful.
5. Miss Iis has two friends. They are kind. They are slim. They are
beautiful.
What
does Miss Iis have?
6. Miss Ara can’t drive the car. It is old. It is broken. It is grey.
What
can’t Ara drive ?
7. The child is playing with a doll. It is made of rubber. It is big.
It is nice.
What
is the child playing with?
8. Handayani wrote many novels. They are new. They are interesting.
What
did Handayani write?
9. I like the houses. They are
in Baduy. They are made of bamboo. They are in the middle of plantation.
They are yellow. They are old. They are big. They are beautiful. They are square. They are protected.
ORDER
OF MODIFIER BEFORE NOUN
1.2.3. Determiner : (a) Article= a, an, the. (b) Possessive = my, your, her, his, our, their . (c)Demonstrative
= that, this.
2. Ordinal : first,
second, third, only, some.
3. Cardinal Enumerator :
two , three, another, several , a lot of.
4. Quality Character/
Descriptive adjective : Interesting, boring, beautiful, pretty, ugly,
handsome,
Clever. Etc.
5. Size : big, small,
little, short, tall, wide, narrow, etc.
6. Age temperature : old,
young, new, cold, hot, warm, modern, etc.
7. Participle : written,
writing, etc.
8. Shape : square ,
round, oblong, etc.
9. Color : red, white,
blue, etc.
10. Origin location :
Jamaican, Australian, Indonesian. Etc.
11. Material : stone,
iron, paper, wood, brick, gold. Etc.
12. Noun : plantation,
education. Management.
13. Principal noun :
house, car, train, book,etc.
Contoh :
The beautiful big old neglected square red Jamaica stone plantation houses.
SENTENCE
PATTERNS WITH INTRANSITIVE VERBS
The simplest sentence : Noun + Verb.
|
NOUN PHRASE
|
VERB PHRASE
|
|
noun
|
Verb
|
|
Clouds
The
sun
The
sky
|
Gathered
dimmed
darkened
|
COMPOUNDING
Either the noun (subject) ,verb, or predicate in this and other
sentence patterns can be compounded. Study these examples:
|
NOUN PHRASE
|
VERB PHRASE
|
|
Noun + noun
|
Verb + verb
|
|
Professor
and his colleagues
He
and his colleagues
Neither
Helene nor her friends
|
read
and study.
lecture
and teach
read
or study
|
Sentence Pattern : Noun + Verb + Adverb
|
NOUN PHRASE
|
VERB PHRASE
|
|
|
Noun
|
Verb
|
Adverb
|
|
Prof. Ober
He
He
He
He
He
|
Worked
Has been working
Will stop
Will drive
Will drive
Will dine
|
Hard
All day
Soon
Home
Fast
Quietly.
|
Order of Adverb
|
|
Place
|
Manner
|
Time
|
|
She went
She went
She went
She went
She went
She went
|
There
There
there
|
Gladly
Gladly
Gladly
gladly
|
Today
Today
Today
|
|
|
|||
Sentence Pattern : Noun + Verb + Prepositional Phrase
|
NOUN PHRASE
|
VERB PHRASE
|
|
|
Noun
|
Verb
|
Prepositional
Phrase
|
|
The passengers
The departure
They
They
Some passengers
Others
Students
They
They
They
|
Had waited
Was announced
Walked
Climbed
Are traveling
Are going
Are returning
Will fly
Will arrive
Will land
|
In the terminal.(place)
Over the loudspeaker. (manner)
To the gate.(place)
Aboard the plane.(place)
For pleasure (reason)
On business (reason)
To the universities(place)
For three hours (time)
At the airport. (place)
At 6.30 p.m.(time)
|
Make more sentences using The
noun + verb + prepositional phrases.
1.
They are
traveling…………………..(time)
2.
They are
traveling…………………….(manner)
3.
Their plane will
arrive………………….(place, time)
4.
They will stay…………………(place)
5.
The museums open ………………..(time)
6.
The stores open……………(time)
7.
Mrs. Rahelis may go…………….(place)
8.
Maya may go ………………………..(place,
time)
9.
They sometimes
walk…………………(place)
10.
They will often
eat……………………..(place)
Sentence Pattern : Noun +
verb + noun.
|
NOUN PHRASE
|
VERB PHRASE
|
|
|
Subject
|
Verb
|
Direct Object
|
|
Noun
|
Noun
|
|
|
The professor
She
She
Her students
They
|
Is reading
Enjoys
Teaches
Like
take
|
A new book
Books
Oceanography
Her lectures
Many texts
|
Sentence Pattern : Noun +
Verb + Noun.
|
Noun
|
Verb
|
Noun
(Direct Object)
|
Adverbial
|
|
Frank
He
He
She
Rita
Frank
They
|
Telephoned
Telephoned
Asked
Told
Borrows
Likes
take
|
Rita
Her
Her
It
Books
It
Their questions
|
About a new book
To him
There
Also
To the librarian.
|
ORDER OF MODIFIERS BEFORE THE NOUN
|
1,2,3
|
4
|
5
|
6
|
7
|
8
|
9
|
10
|
11
|
12
|
|
Determiner
|
Quality
character
|
size
|
Age
temperature
|
Participle
|
shape
|
color
|
Origin
location
|
material
|
noun
|
|
the
|
beautiful
|
big
|
old
|
neglected
|
square
|
red
|
jamaican
|
stone
|
houses
|
No comments:
Post a Comment